Model Input - Configuration Files

Configuration files specify the simulation settings (e.g., included buildings, temporal scope, output variables) and define the energy system configuration (e.g., scenarios, technologies, selected year). They are provided to the model in YAML format and must be located in the config/input_files directory. The only file required is simluation.yaml. For the other files, only parameters that deviate from the default values need to be specified. If no configuration files are provided other than simluation.yaml, the model will run entirely using its built-in standard values (see tables below).

Required configuration file:

• simulation.yaml

Optional configuration files:

• meta_data.yaml

• scenarios.yaml

• optimisation.yaml

• demand_side.yaml

• supply.yaml

• technologies.yaml

By default, all scenarios and optimisation are deactivated. The following technologies are activated, reflecting technologies currently deployed in Switzerland:

• Heat Pump

• Electric Heater

• Oil Boiler

• Gas Boiler

• Wood Boiler

• Disctrict Heating

• Solar Thermal

• Solar PV

• Wind Power

• Hydro Power

• Grid Supply

All files define parameter names as top-level keys. The exception is technologies.yaml, where technologies appear as the top-level keys and their respective parameters are listed as sub-keys.

Below are example excerpts from some configuration files:

---

---

---

---

Simulation

Configuration file: simulation.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
number_of_days	Number of days to simulate, starting on 1 Jan. A value between 1 and 365 is recommended.	required user input	—	int
district_number	Unique identification number assigned to the district. It is the identifier labelled “GGDENR” in the Master File and Meta File. For Swiss municipalities, this is the BFS commune number. A list of all municipalities and the respective commune numbers can be found :ref:`here <swiss_municipalities>`.	required user input	—	int
generate_plots	The generation of plots can be switched on (true) or off (false).	required user input	—	bool
save_results	If set to true, results will be saved in files.	required user input	—	bool

Meta Data

Configuration file: meta_data.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
custom_district	Properties for a district with custom boundaries.		—	dict
custom_district: implemented	If set to ‘true’, the simulation will be carried out for a district of selected buildings.	False	—	bool
custom_district: EGID_List	List of EGIDs of buildings contained in custom district.	[]	—	list / df
custom_district: custom_district_name	unique name for specified custom district	‘Test_Scenario’	—	str

Scenarios

Configuration file: scenarios.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
demand_side	If set to ‘true’, the demand side scenario will be implemented. This scenario consists of future climate and demand scenarios specified in the demand_side dict.	False	—	bool
fossil_heater_retrofit	If set to ‘true’, the fossil heating system retrofit scenario will be implemented. A fraction of the fossil heating capacity will be replaced by heat pumps. The fraction of replacement can be set in the respective technologies (oil_boiler, gas_boiler, wood_boiler).	False	—	bool
pv_integration	If set to ‘true’, the PV integration scenario will be implemented. A specified share of the additional PV potential will be implemented. The share can be set in the solar_pv technology.	False	—	bool
wind_integration	If set to ‘true’, the wind power integration scenario will be implemented. A specified share of the additional wind power potential will be implemented. The share can be set in the wind_power technology.	False	—	bool
thermal_energy_storage	If set to ‘true’, the thermal energy storage (TES) scenario will be implemented. A TES of specified size will be integrated in the energy system and charged/discharged by heat pump. The TES specifications can be set in the tes_decentralised technology.	False	—	bool
nuclear_phaseout	If set to ‘true’, a nuclear phaseout will be considered in the simulation, based on the selected year in the demand_side dict.	False	—	bool

Optimisation

Configuration file: optimisation.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
enabled	MILP optimisation is enabled if set to “True”.	False	—	bool
clustering	*Deprecated: This option is not available.*	False	—	bool
pareto_monetary_co2	Set to True to calculate a pareto front	False	—	bool
N_pareto	Number of pareto points	6	—	int
objective_monetary	Weight of monetary objective for objective function in optimisation.	1	—	float
objective_co2	Weight of emissions objective for objective function in optimisation.	0	—	float
objective_ess	Not yet implemented.	0	—	float
objective_tss	Not yet implemented.	0	—	float
bigM_value	Default: 1e9; cost of unmet demand; large value makes model convergence slow; https://calliope.readthedocs.io/en /stable/user/building.html#allowing-for- unmet-demand	100000	CHF/kWh	float
solver	Solver for optimisation, e.g. ‘cbc’, ‘gurobi’, etc. Must be compatible with Calliope.	‘gurobi’	—	string
solver_option_NumericFocus	Default: 0; https://docs.gurobi.com/proj ects/optimizer/en/current/reference/para meters.html#parameternumericfocus	1	—	int
solver_option_TimeLimit	Default: ‘Infinity’; https://docs.gurobi .com/projects/optimizer/en/current/refer ence/parameters.html#timelimit	36000	s	int
solver_option_Presolve	Default: -1; https://docs.gurobi.com/pro jects/optimizer/en/current/reference/par ameters.html#presolve	-1	—	int
solver_option_Aggregate	Default: 1; https://docs.gurobi.com/proj ects/optimizer/en/current/reference/para meters.html#aggregate	1	—	int
solver_option_FeasibilityTol	Default: 1e-6; https://docs.gurobi.com/p rojects/optimizer/en/current/reference/p arameters.html#feasibilitytol	0.01	var	float
solver_option_MIPGap	Default: 1e-4; https://docs.gurobi.com/p rojects/optimizer/en/current/reference/p arameters.html#mipgap	0.0001	—	float
MIPGap_increase	If set to True, MIPGap will be increased to 0.01 if a storage technology is activated in order to avoid numerical problems.	False	—	bool
save_math_model	If set to ‘true’, the math. model formulations are written to an .lp file; can take long to produce and result in large file;	False	—	bool
save_calliope_files	If set to ‘True’, the calliope files (input and results) will be saved.	False	—	bool

Demand Side

Configuration file: demand_side.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
year	Year to be simulated. Takes into account future weather scenario and retrofitting of buildings. Options: ‘2023’, ‘2030’, ‘2040’, ‘2050’.	2023	—	int
rcp_scenario	Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) for future climate. Options: ‘RCP26’.	‘RCP26’	—	str
ts_type	Type of temperature data line to use.	‘tas_median’	—	str
ev_integration	If set to ‘true’, electrification of mobility sector will be considered and electricity demand profiles will be adjusted accordingly.	True	—	bool
ev_integration_factor	Relative strength of the electrification of mobility. At 100, all the remaining fossil road transport is electrified, at a value smaller than 100, only that percentage.	100	—	float
ev_flexibility	If set to ‘true’, the available flexibility in demand shifting stemming from the EV demand will be considered in the optimisation.	True	—	bool
total_renovation	If set to ‘True’, the total renovation of buildings is taken into account. This means that buildings are assumed to be renovated if they’re sufficiently old, with a certain probability. Totally renovated buildings are assumed to have a modern building envelope with correspondingly low demand for space heating. Furthermore, their heat generators are replaced.	True	—	bool
use_constant_total_renovation_rate	If set to ‘True’, a constant percentage of all sufficiently old buildings is totally renovated in each time step. Else, renovation happens based on a model derived from Streicher et al.	False	—	bool
renovation_scenario	Renovation scenario to use. Options are ‘renovation_low’, ‘renovation_base’ and ‘renovation_high’. It is recommended to use ‘renovation_low’	renovation_low’	—	str
constant_total_renovation_rate	If a constant total renovation rate is used, value of that rate.	0.018	—	float
total_renovation_heat_generator_reassignment_rates_space_heating_for_manual_scenarios	In manual scenarios (no optimization), what heat generators are installed after total renovation for space heating.	{‘v_h_eh’ : 0.0, ‘v_h_hp’ : 0.8, ‘v_h_dh’ : 0.05, ‘v_h_gb’ : 0.05, ‘v_h_ob’ : 0.05, ‘v_h_wb’ : 0.05, ‘v_h_solar’ : 0.0, ‘v_h_other’ : 0.0 }	—	Dict[str, float]
total_renovation_heat_generator_reassignment_rates_dhw_for_manual_scenarios	In manual scenarios (no optimization), what heat generators are installed after total renovation for domestic hot water heating.	{‘v_hw_eh’ : 0.05, ‘v_hw_hp’ : 0.0, ‘v_hw_dh’ : 0.95, ‘v_hw_gb’ : 0.0, ‘v_hw_ob’ : 0.0, ‘v_hw_wb’ : 0.0, ‘v_hw_solar’ : 0.0, ‘v_hw_other’ : 0.0 }	—	Dict[str, float]
heat_generator_renovation	If ‘true’, heat generators are replaced as they reach the end of their life.	True	—	bool
act_on_fossil_heater_retrofit	Interaction between fossile_heater_retrofit and heat generator renovation	False	—	bool

Supply

Configuration file: supply.yaml

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
hv_oil_MJpkg	Lower heating value of oil.	42.9	[MJ/kg]	float
oil_price_CHFpl	Oil price (annual fixed value).	1	[CHF/l]	float
hv_gas_MJpkg	Lower heating value of gas.	46	[MJ/kg]	float
gas_price_CHFpkWh	Gas price (annual fixed value).	0.13	[CHF/kWh]	float
hv_wood_MJpkg	Lower heating value of wood.	15	[MJ/kg]	float
wood_price_CHFpkg	Wood price (annual fixed value).	0.5	[CHF/kg]	float
hv_msw_MJpkg	Lower heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW).	12	[MJ/kg]	float
msw_price_CHFpkg	Price of municipal solid waste. Will usually be negative (i.e. revenue).	-0.3	[CHF/kg]	float
oil_import	Is oil import allowed	True	—	bool
co2_content_oil	CO2 content of imported oil (*for future version; currently impelmented at respective tech*)	0.301	kg CO2/kWh	float
gas_import	Is gas import allowed	True	—	bool
co2_content_gas	CO2 content of imported gas (*for future version; currently impelmented at respective tech*)	0.228	kg CO2/kWh	float
wood_import	Is wood import allowed	False	—	bool
co2_content_local_wood	CO2 content of local wood (*for future version; currently impelmented at respective tech*)	0.027	kg CO2/kWh	float
co2_content_imported_wood	CO2 content of imported wood (*for future version; currently impelmented at respective tech*)	0.027	kg CO2/kWh	float

Technologies

Configuration file: technologies.yaml

Heat Pump

Top key: heat_pump

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	inf	kW	str
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0 *(emissons allocated to electricity tech)*	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (new installations).	6000	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life).	2000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
fixed_demand_share	If set to ‘True’, a fixed share (per timestep) of the total heat demand will be served by this tech. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated.	False	—	bool
fixed_demand_share_val	The share (per timestep) of the total heat demand served by this technology. Only relevant if fixed_demand_share == True and if Optimisation is activated.	0	—	float
only_allow_existing	If set to ‘True’, only the existing (allready installed) capacity can be used. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated. CAREFUL: Avoid conflict with fixed_demand_share.	False	—	bool
cop_mode	Method for estimating the COP timeseries. Options are: “from_file”, “constant”, “from_file_adjusted_to_spf”, “location_based”. “location_based” is an intricate algorithm taking into account building and heat pump properties as well as the local weather (detailed description below). “constant” means that a constant COP is used. “from_file” means means that a timeseries loaded from a given file is used. “from_file_adjusted_to_spf” means that a timeseries loaded form a file is is scaled s.t. a given value for the seasonal performance factor (SPF) is reached	location_based	—	str
cop_timeseries_file_path	Path to COP timeseries file for mode “form_file” and “from_file_adjusted_to_spf”	<path>	<path>	str
cop_constant_value	Constant COP value to use if cop_mode=constant	3.5	—	float
spf_to_target	Seasonal performance factor (SPF) to which the COP is adjusted in the mode from_file_adjusted_spf	3.5	—	float
quality_factor_ashp_new	Quality factor for new ASHPs for mode “location_based”.	0.4	—	float
quality_factor_ashp_old	Quality factor for old ASHPs for mode “location_based”.	0.4	—	float
quality_factor_gshp_new	Quality factor for new GSHPs for mode “location_based”.	0.48	—	float
quality_factor_gshp_old	Quality factor for old GSHPs for mode “location_based”.	0.48	—	float

Electric Heater

Top key: electric_heater

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	inf’	kW	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0 *(emissons allocated to electricity tech)*	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
replacement_factor	share of electric heaters replaced in fossil_heater_retrofit scenario	1	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life)	500	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	0	CHF/kWp/year	float
fixed_demand_share	If set to ‘True’, a fixed share (per timestep) of the total heat demand will be served by this tech. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated.	False	—	bool
fixed_demand_share_val	The share (per timestep) of the total heat demand served by this technology. Only relevant if fixed_demand_share == True and if Optimisation is activated.	0	—	float

Oil Boiler

Top key: oil_boiler

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	‘inf’	kW	float
hv_oil_MJpkg	Lower heating value of oil.	42.9	MJ/kg	float
eta	Conversion efficiency from fuel to heat.	0.85	—	float
oil_price_CHFpl	Oil price (annual fixed value).	1	CHF/l	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.301	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
replacement_factor	Used for scenario ‘fossil_heater_retrofit’. Fraction of heating capacity to be replaced by heat pumps.	1	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	3000	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life)	1500	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	30	CHF/kWp/year	float
fixed_demand_share	If set to ‘True’, a fixed share (per timestep) of the total heat demand will be served by this tech. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated.	False	—	bool
fixed_demand_share_val	The share (per timestep) of the total heat demand served by this technology. Only relevant if fixed_demand_share == True and if Optimisation is activated.	0	—	float
only_allow_existing	If set to ‘True’, only the existing (allready installed) capacity can be used. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated. CAREFUL: Avoid conflict with fixed_demand_share.	False	—	bool

Gas Boiler

Top key: gas_boiler

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	inf	kW	float
hv_gas_MJpkg	Lower heating value of gas.	46	MJ/kg	float
eta	Conversion efficiency from fuel to heat.	0.9	—	float
gas_price_CHFpkWh	Gas price (annual fixed value).	0.13	CHF/kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.228	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
replacement_factor	Used for scenario ‘fossil_heater_retrofit’. Fraction of heating capacity to be replaced by heat pumps.	1	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2500	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life)	1000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	25	CHF/kWp/year	float
fixed_demand_share	If set to ‘True’, a fixed share (per timestep) of the total heat demand will be served by this tech. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated.	False	—	bool
fixed_demand_share_val	The share (per timestep) of the total heat demand served by this technology. Only relevant if fixed_demand_share == True and if Optimisation is activated.	0	—	float
only_allow_existing	If set to ‘True’, only the existing (allready installed) capacity can be used. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated. CAREFUL: Avoid conflict with fixed_demand_share.	False	—	bool

Wood Boiler

Top key: wood_boiler

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	inf	kW	float
hv_wood_MJpkg	Lower heating value of wood.	15	MJ/kg	float
eta	Conversion efficiency from fuel to heat.	0.8	—	float
wood_price_CHFpkg	Wood price (annual fixed value).	0.5	CHF/kg	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.027	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
replacement_factor	Used for scenario ‘fossil_heater_retrofit’. Fraction of heating capacity to be replaced by heat pumps.	1	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	4500	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life)	2000		float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	50		float
fixed_demand_share	If set to ‘True’, a fixed share (per timestep) of the total heat demand will be served by this tech. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated.	False	—	bool
fixed_demand_share_val	The share (per timestep) of the total heat demand served by this technology. Only relevant if fixed_demand_share == True and if Optimisation is activated.	0	—	float
only_allow_existing	If set to ‘True’, only the existing (allready installed) capacity can be used. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated. CAREFUL: Avoid conflict with fixed_demand_share.	False	—	bool

District Heating

Top key: district_heating

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
demand_share_type		free		str
demand_share_val		0.5		float
import_kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity of heat import (from outside the municipality).	‘inf’	kW	float
grid_kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity of the grid.	‘inf’	kW	float
investment_dh_grid_per_m		400	CHF/m	int
maintenance_cost_dh_grid_per_m		5	CHF/m/year	int
closeness_based_dh_expansio_cost		True		bool
capex		1000	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost		10	CHF/kW/year	float
tariff_CHFpkWh	Tariff for imported heat.	0.13	CHF/kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.108	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
heat_sources	Connected heat sources		—	dict
heat_sources: import	If set to ‘true’, heat import is allowed (based on ‘import_kW_th_max’)	True	—	bool
heat_sources: chp_gt	If set to ‘true’, CHP gas turbine plant is connected to district heating network (DHN). Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: steam_turbine	If set to ‘true’, steam turbine is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: waste_to_energy	If set to ‘true’, the waste-to-energy plant is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: heat_pump_cp	If set to ‘true’, a central heat pump is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: heat_pump_cp_lt	If set to ‘true’, a central heat pump converting low-temperature waste heat into useful heat is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: oil_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a central oil boiler is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: electric_heat_cp	If set to ‘true’, a central electric resistance heater is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: wood_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a central wood boiler is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: gas_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a central gas boiler is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: waste_heat	If set to ‘true’, a hot waste heat source is connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool
heat_sources: biomass	If set to ‘true’, biomass technologies are connected to the DHN. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	False	—	bool

Solar Thermal

Top key: solar_thermal

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal capacity (i.e. heat output).	inf	kW	float
eta_overall	Overall conversion efficiency from solar radiation to heat output.	0.7	—	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2857	CHF/kWp	float
capex_one_to_one_replacement	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity (when device has reached the end of life)	1000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Top key: solar_pv

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kWp_max	Kilowatt Peak: Maximum power output of PV system under standard test conditions (STC).	inf	kW	float
eta_overall	Overall conversion efficiency from solar radiation to electricity output at AC side.	0.15	—	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	3000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of the technology.	6.45	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
potential_integration_factor	Used for scenario ‘pv_integration’. This factor specifies the fraction of additional solar VP potential to be implemented. The additional PV potential is based on suitable roof-space that is not yet covered with PV.	0.3	—	float
virtual_export_tariff	virtual export tarriff to prefer internal usage of the electricity	0	CHF/kWh	float
export_subsidy	subsidy to make export more likely (and prevent cycling of storages to curtail energy)	0	CHF/kWh	float
only_use_installed	If set to ‘true’, only the currently installed PV capacity can be used. No additional capacity will be built. Only relevant if Optimisation is activated	False	—	bool

Wind Power

Top key: wind_power

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kWp_max	Kilowatt Peak: Maximum power output of wind power system.	1e+32	kW	float
kWp_max_systemwide		‘inf’		float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
maintenance_cost		11.3	CHF/kWp/year	float
capex_CHFpkWp	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2075	CHF/kWp	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
potential_integration_factor	Used for scenario ‘wind_power_integration’. This factor specifies the fraction of additional wind power potential to be implemented. The additional wind power potential is based on a a simulation done by Wind-Topo.	0	—	float
virtual_export_tariff	virtual export tarriff to prefer internal usage of the electricity	0	CHF/kWh	float
export_subsidy	subsidy to make export more likely (and prevent cycling of storages to curtail energy)	0	CHF/kWh	float
wind_power_installed_allocation	Decision on whether the installed wind power will be counted towards the local electricity generation or towards the national electricity mix. Options: ‘national’, ‘local’		—	str
v_e_wp_national_recalc	If set to ‘true, recalculation of hourly national wind power profile of installed capacity will be carried out; default should be ‘false’, as this is only required when new wind power plants have been installed.		—	bool

Hydro Power

Top key: hydro_power

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kWp_max	Kilowatt Peak: Maximum power output of hydro power plants.	inf	kW	float
existing_decentralised		True		bool
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology.	130	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).		—	float
virtual_export_tariff	virtual export tarriff to prefer internal usage of the electricity	0	CHF/kWh	float
export_subsidy	subsidy to make export more likely (and prevent cycling of storages to curtail energy)	0	CHF/kWh	float

Grid Supply

Top key: grid_supply

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool
kW_max	Maximum supply capacity of grid connection.	inf	kW	float
tariff_CHFpkWh	Electricity tariff (annual fixed value).	0.29	CHF/kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.128	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) - centralised

Top key: tes

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
force_asynchronous_prod_con	If set to ‘true’, the tes cannot be charged and discharged simultaneously	True	—	bool
eta_chg_dchg	Charging and discharging efficiency (fixed). Roundtrip-efficiency is calculated as eta_chg_dchg*eta_chg_dchg.	0.95	—	float
tes_gamma	Loss rate: fraction of heat lost to the environment during one timestep (e.g. 1 hour)	0.001	1/timestep	float
capacity_kWh	Storage capacity.	inf	kWh	float
force_cap_max		False		bool
chg_dchg_per_cap_max	Max. charge/discharge (kW) per storage cap (kWh) per timestep.	0.1	1/timestep	float
initial_charge	Initial charge of storage (fraction of total storage capacity)	0	—	float
optimized_initial_charge	If True, initial_charge is determined within the optimization s.t. the initial charge and the final charge are the same	True		bool
connections	Technologies connected to TES can be switched on (True) of off (False).		—	dict
connections: district_heating_network	If set to ‘true’, the district heating network is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: district_heat_import	If set to ‘true’, district_heat_import is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: chp_gt	If set to ‘true’, the CHP gas turbine is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: steam_turbine	If set to ‘true’, the steam turbine is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: waste_to_energy	If set to ‘true’, the waset-to-energy plant is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: oil_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a centralised oil boiler is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: electric_heater_cp	If set to ‘true’, a centralised electric heater is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: wood_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a centralised wood boiler is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: gas_boiler_cp	If set to ‘true’, a centralised gas boiler is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: heat_pump_cp	If set to ‘true’, a centralised heat pump is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: heat_pump_cp_lt	If set to ‘true’, a centralised heat pump converting low-temperature waste heat to high-temperature useful heat is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: waste_heat	If set to ‘true’, a waste heat source is connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: biomass	If set to ‘true’, a biomass technologies are connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capex	CAPEX of TES per kWh capacity	1.67	CHF/kWh	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX of TES per kWh capacity and year	0	CHF/kWh/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) - decentralised

Top key: tes_decentralised

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for thermal_energy_storage scenario or for optimisation.	False	—	bool
force_asynchronous_prod_con	If set to ‘true’, the tes cannot be charged and discharged simultaneously	True	—	bool
eta_chg_dchg	Charging and discharging efficiency (fixed). Roundtrip-efficiency is calculated as eta_chg_dchg*eta_chg_dchg.	0.95	—	float
tes_gamma	Loss rate: fraction of heat lost to the environment during one timestep (e.g. 1 hour)	0.001	1/timestep	float
capacity_kWh	Storage capacity.	inf	kWh	float
chg_dchg_per_cap_max	Max. charge/discharge (kW) per storage cap (kWh) per timestep.	0.1	1/timestep	float
initial_charge	Initial charge of storage (fraction of total storage capacity)	0	—	float
optimized_initial_charge	If True, initial_charge is determined within the optimization s.t. the initial charge and the final charge are the same	True	—	bool
connections	Technologies connected to TES can be switched on (True) of off (False).		—	dict
connections: heat_pump	If set to ‘true’, decentralised heat pumps are connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
connections: solar_thermal	If set to ‘true’, decentralised heat pumps are connected to TES. Technology must be deployed accordingly.	True	—	bool
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capex		3	CHF/kWh
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology	0.02	CHF/kWh/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Battery Energy Storage (BES)

Top key: bes

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
force_asynchronous_prod_con	If set to ‘true’, the tes cannot be charged and discharged simultaneously	True	—	bool
eta_chg_dchg	Charging and discharging efficiency (fixed). Roundtrip-efficiency is calculated as eta_chg_dchg*eta_chg_dchg.	0.95	—	float
bes_gamma	Loss rate: fraction of electricity lost during one timestep (e.g. 1 hour)	0.001	1/timestep	float
capacity_kWh	Storage capacity.	inf	kWh	float
chg_dchg_per_cap_max	Max. charge/discharge (kW) per storage cap (kWh) per timestep.	0.1	1/timestep	float
initial_charge	Initial charge of battery (fraction of total storage capacity)	0	—	float
optimized_initial_charge	If True, initial_charge is determined within the optimization s.t. the initial charge and the final charge are the same	True	—	bool
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	10	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	500	CHF/kWh
maintenance_cost	OPEX of the technology	2	CHF/kWh/year	float

Biomass

Top key: biomass

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	—	bool

Hydrothermal Gasification

Top key: hydrothermal_gasification

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#3A880A	hex	str
efficiancy	Conversion efficiency	0.6	—	float
capacity_kW	maximum power	inf	kW	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.69	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	8268	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of the technology per unit of capacity	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Anaerobic Digestion Upgrade

Top key: anaerobic_digestion_upgrade

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#FF00FF	hex	str
efficiancy	Conversion efficiency	0.3	—	float
capacity_kW	maximum power	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	1.06	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1053	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit capacity	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Anaerobic Digestion Upgrade Hydrogen

Top key: anaerobic_digestion_upgrade_hydrogen

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#90037F	hex	str
fluid	does the process have a fluidised bed	False	—	bool
methane percentage	methane produced per input	0.6		float
efficiancy_primary	Conversion efficiency	0.3	—	float
efficiancy_secondary	Conversion efficiency	0.8395		float
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.814	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1834	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Anaerobic Digestion Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Top key: anaerobic_digestion_chp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#90037F	hex	str
efficiancy_electricity	Conversion efficiency	0.13	—	float
efficiancy_heat	Conversion efficiency	0.145		float
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	2.9	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1776	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity	10	CHF/kWp/year	flaot
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Wood Gasification Upgrade

Top key: wood_gasification_upgrade

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#904D11	hex	str
efficiancy	Conversion efficiency	0.625	—	float
fluid	does the process have a fluidised bed	True	—	bool
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.33	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2315	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Wood Gasification Upgrade Hydrogen

Top key: wood_gasification_upgrade_hydrogen

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#C67125	hex	str
fluid	does the process have a fluidised bed	True		bool
methane_percentage	methane produced per input	0.6		float
efficiancy_primary	Conversion efficiency	0.625	—	float
efficiancy_secondary	Conversion efficiency	0.8395		float
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.132	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2706	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of the technology per unit of capacity	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Wood Digestion Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Top key: wood_digestion_chp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#FF7800	hex	str
efficiancy_electricity	Conversion efficiency	0.275		float
efficiancy_heat	Conversion efficiency	0.3625		float
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	3942	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of the technology per unit of capacity.	43.2	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Hydrogen Production

Top key: hydrogen_production

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
color	Color for plot	#1A8FD2	hex	str
efficiancy	Conversion efficiency	0.8	—	float
capacity_kWh	maximum output	inf	kWh (kW?)	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
om_cost	Operation and maintenance cost per consumed carrier unit	0	CHF/kWh	float
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	600	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power (CHP) - small scale

Top key: chp_gt

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
deploy_existing	If set to ‘true’, existing gas turbine will be deployable.	False	—	bool
kW_el_max	Maximum capacity (electric power output) of newly built CHP gas turbines.	inf	kW	float
force_cap_max	Force implementation of maximum capacity specified in kW_el_max. Only relevant for optimisation.	False	kW	bool
hv_gas_MJpkg	Heating value (lower) of gas	46	MJ/kg	float
eta_el	Electrical conversion effiency.	0.35		float
htp_ratio	Heat-to-power (htp) ratio (kW_th/kW_el)	1.5	kW_th/kW_el	float
gas_price_CHFpkWh	Price of gas.	0.13	CHF/kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.645	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	5000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
allow_heat_export	Is it allowed to export heat?	True	—	bool
heat_export_subsidy	Export subsidy for heat. Can be needed when optimizing in the LP-mode.	1e-05	CHF/kWh	float

Gas Turbine - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: gas_turbine_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_el_max	Maximum electrical power output.	inf	kW	float
force_cap_max	Force implementation of maximum capacity specified in kW_el_max. Only relevant for optimisation.	False	kW	bool
cap_min_use	Minimum capacity to use.	0	kW	float
hv_gas_MJpkg	Heating value (lower) of gas	46	MJ/kg	float
eta_el	Electrical conversion effiency.	0.35	—	float
htp_ratio	Heat-to-power (htp) ratio (kW_th/kW_el)	1.5	kW_th/kW_el	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.645	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	5000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technolgoy per unit of capacity	40.1	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Steam Turbine

Top key: steam_turbine

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_el_max	Maximum electrical power output.	inf	kW	float
force_cap_max	Force implementation of maximum capacity specified in kW_h_max. Only relevant for optimisation.	False	kW	bool
grid_charges	Grid charges (additional cost of electricity)	0	CHF/kWh	float
cap_min_use	Minimum capacity to deploy.	0	kW	float
eta_el	Electrical conversion effiency.	0.35	—	float
htp_ratio	Heat-to-power (htp) ratio (kW_th/kW_el)	1.5	kW_th/kW_el	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	5000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost		10	CHF/kWp/year	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
allow_heat_export		True	—	bool
heat_export_subsidy		1e-05	CHF/kWh	float

Wood Boiler - steam generator (cp)

Top key: wood_boiler_sg

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_h_max	Maximum power output in the form of steam	inf	kW	str
force_cap_max	Force implementation of maximum capacity specified in kW_h_max. Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
wood_input_cap_type		free		str
wood_input_cap_kg		112000000		float
cap_min_use		0	kW	float
hv_wood_MJpkg	Lower heating value of wood.	15	MJ/kg	float
eta	Conversion efficiency from wood to heat.	0.8	—	float
wood_price_CHFpkg	Wood price (annual fixed value).	0.5	CHF/kg	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.027	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	4500	CHF/kW	int
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity	5	CHF/kW/year	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Wood Boiler - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: wood_boiler_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	kW	str
hv_wood_MJpkg		15	MJ/kg	float
eta	Efficiency of the wood boiler	0.85	—	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.027	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1.26	CHF/kW/year	float

Gas Boiler - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: gas_boiler_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	Maximum thermal capacity	str
hv_gas_MJpkg	heating value of gas in MJ per kg	46	MJ/kg	float
eta	Conversion efficiency from gas to heat	0.9	—	float
gas_price_CHFpkWh		0.13	CHF/kWh	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.228	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kW	int
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1.26	CHF/kW/year	float

Oil Boiler - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: oil_boiler_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	kW	str
hv_oil_MJpkg	heating value of heating oil	42.9	MJ/kg	float
eta	Efficiency of the oil boiler in converting oil to heat	0.85	—	float
oil_price_CHFpl	Oil price	1	CHF/l	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.301	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	1.26	CHF/kW/year	float

Electric heater - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: electric_heater_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	kW	str
eta	Efficiency	0.98	—	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0 *(emissons allocated to electricity tech)*	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	30	years	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	100	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0.5	CHF/kW/year	float

Waste Heat

Top key: waste_heat

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kW/year	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
timeseries_file_path	Path to file with waste heat timeseries (in kWh/h)	‘’	—	str
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
tariff_CHFpkWh	Cost of waste heat	0.01	CHF/kWh	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Waste Heat (Low Temperature)

Top key: waste_heat_low_temperature

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
capex	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	0	CHF/kW/year	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
timeseries_file_path	Path to file with waste heat timeseries (in kWh/h)	‘’	—	str
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0	kg CO2/kWh	float
tariff_CHFpkWh	Cost of waste heat	0.01	CHF/kWh	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Waste-to-Energy Combined Heat and Power

Top key: waste_to_energy

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_el_max	Maximum electrical power output.	inf	kW_el	str/float
force_cap_max	Force implementation of maximum capacity specified in kW_el_max. Only relevant for optimisation.	False	kW	bool
cap_min_use		0	kW	float
annual_msw_supply		inf	kg/year	str
hv_msw_MJpkg	Lower heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW).	12	MJ/kg	float
eta_el	Electrical conversion efficiency.	0.35	—	float
htp_ratio	Heat-to-power (htp) ratio (kW_th/kW_el)	1.5	kW_th/kW_el	float
msw_price_CHFpkg	Price of municipal solid waste. Will usually be negative (i.e. revenue).	-0.3	CHF/kg	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0.645	kg CO2/kWh	float
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	119	CHF/kWp/year	float
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Heat Pump - centralised plant (cp)

Top key: heat_pump_cp

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	kW	str
force_cap_max		False	—	bool
cap_min_use		0	kW	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0 *(emissons allocated to electricity tech)*	kg CO2/kWh	int
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kWp	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kWp/year	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float
cop_mode		temperature_based	—	str
cop_timeseries_file_path		[30. 30. 30. … 30. 30. 30.]	—	ndarray
cop_constant_value		3	—	float
spf_to_target		3.5	—	float
cop_source_temperature		air_temperature	—	str
cop_source_constant_temperature_value		5	°C	int
cop_hot_temperature		constant_temperature	—	str
cop_hot_temperature_constant_temperature_value		70	°C	int
quality_factor		0.5	—	float

Heat Pump - centralised plant (cp) (from low temperature waste heat)

Top key: heat_pump_cp_lt

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	False	—	bool
kW_th_max	Maximum thermal power output	inf	kW	str
force_cap_max		False	—	bool
cap_min_use		0	kW	float
cop		8	—	float
co2_intensity	Carbon-dioxide intensity of technology output (annual average value).	0 *(emissons allocated to electricity tech)*	kg CO2/kWh	int
lifetime	Expected lifetime of technology before replacement is required.	25	years	int
capital_cost	CAPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	2000	CHF/kW	float
maintenance_cost	OPEX cost of technology per unit of capacity.	10	CHF/kW/year	int
interest_rate	Interest rate for computing levelised costs (if required).	0.025	—	float

Other

Top key: other

Attribute	Description	Standard value	Unit	Data type
deployment	If set to ‘true’, the technology will be considered in the energy system model (this does not necessarily mean it will be used). Only relevant for optimisation.	True	–	bool

References

Ben-Kiki, Oren, Clark, Clark Evans, and Ingy döt Net. YAML Ain’t Markup Language (YAML™) Version 1.2 (3rd Edition). 2009.